After the Scramble for Africa (1870-1914), European countries fought for claims of the African continent The Berlin Conference: Who: Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, and Belgium What: Meeting of the major European powers to come up with rules for dividing the African Continent When: 1884-1885 Where: Berlin, Germany Why: To prevent war between competing nations and to prevent any one imperial power from gaining too much control over the African continent
The Berlin Conference
Rules Established:
Nations must publicly announce claims of territory
Effectively occupy territory
Extend control from coast to interior
Negotiate treaty with local peoples that would constitute a claim to sovereignty
Agreed traders and missionaries have access to interior
Agreed Congo and Niger rivers were international waterways
Christianity should be brought to all Africans
Destroy slave trade
The Division of Africa
How European countries controlled their Territory: 1) Indirect Rule- British- native rulers are told what to do by British representatives
2) Direct Rule- French- French controlled the colonies (themselves)
3) Paternalism- Belgium- treat their Africans as children that need to be disciplined
4) Assimilation- Portuguese- making the Africans adopt European culture (language, customs, law, etc.)
African Resistance:
Ethiopian:
1887 & 1896- Ethiopian army defeated Italians
Emperor Menelik II created modern state of Ethiopia (including modern military)
Ethiopia remained independent until 1930s when Benito Mussolini sought revenge and occupied Ethiopia
Ashanti:
Built empire on West Africa's gold coast
By early 1800s- covered 150,000 square miles
Included 3-5 million people
Strong king & bureaucracy
Capital- Kumasi- commercial center
Clashed with British for 75 years
1873- full scale attack against Ashanti using modern weaponry and African allies
Kumasi
Zulu:
Largest South African group
Fought with the British
Leader of Zulu tribe- Shaka Zulu- improved fighting tactics
Shaka Zulu
Effects of European Imperialism:
Improved medicine
Cash crop agriculture
Africans were made into tenants instead of tribes
Taxes increased
Urban areas- Africans had to work for Europeans
Europeans imposed their laws, history, and education
Europeans separated traditional ethnic groups and put together traditional enemies when creating new boundaries
Improved transportation and communication
African Independence movements occured throughout the 1950s, 1960s and1970s. One reason behind Africa's desire for independence at this time was WWII. They viewed the imperialistic powers as hypocrites, as they had just finished fighting a war to stop one nation from taking over areas of Europe, while they themselves where guilty of the same thing in Africa.
Ghana:
Colony of Britain
Independence date: March 6, 1957
First major African country to get independence
Led by Kwame Nkrumah --- educated in England and was a skilled orator
Uses his political party- CPP (Convention People's Party) to gain support
Became Prime minister in 1952 and later President in 1960- 1966
After independence, Nkrumah declares CPP sole political party
He gave himself all the power; no democracy; people began to fear the government
Economy worsened
Corruption in government and military takeovers- several military takeovers (coup d'etat)
1966- Present day: run by military
Kwame Nkrumah
Kenya:
Colony of Britain
Independence: 1963
Led by Jomo Kenyatta
Formed political parties in protest
Kenyatta emerges leader and travels to London to petition for African representation in legislation
Mau- Mau revolt- bloody uprising
After independence- President leads them along a moderate path- encourages land reform and foreign investment
Sets up a republic
Mau-Mau Revolt
Jomo Kenyatta
Congo:
Colony of Belgium
Independence Date- June 30, 1960
Led by Patrice Lumumba
Gained independence through riots against Belgian rule and bloody fighting
After independence, they formed a coalition government composed of members of several parties
Military dictatorship- Zaire- Democratic Republic of the Congo
Patrice Lumumba
Angola:
Colony of Portugal
Independence- 1974-1975
Led by political party FRELIMO
Used guerrilla warfare to gain independence
Since independence, there has been civil war and many deaths
Flag of FRELIMO
Problems since African Independence:
Economic Development- Europeans used their technology to take resources of Africa when they left; unskilled worker; economic imperialism
AIDS has been a major problem since emerging in the 1980s- wiped out a generation of Africans
Desertification- deserts growing
Ethnic/Tribal Rivalries- due to divide and conquer
Economic standing has decreased since independence
Few states have the economic resources to satisfy popular expectation
History of South Africa:
Mediterranean climate- good for agriculture
Located at the tip of Africa- made it a "pit stop" for Europeans on their way from India and Asia
Population divided into 4 major groups- Black Africans (majority), European Africans, Asians, and Coloreds
Data recorded in 2008
European Arrival:
The Dutch arrived in the late 1600s and early 1700s
Established farming settlements around Cape Town and developed a language called Afrikaans
They became known as the Afrikaners, or Boers
British government gained control of Cape Colony at the end of the 1700s
Conflicted with the Afrikaners
Made English official language and ban slavery
Afrikaners create the Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1836- the Great Trek
Cape Town
The Boer War (1899-1902): Causes:
Gold and diamonds found in Transvaal and Orange Free State
Thousands rush in- war develops between Britain and Afrikaners over control of the land
Effects:
Britain defeated Boers and made the Afrikaner republics part of the British colony
The Boer War
Apartheid:
"Separateness"- Afrikaners created a system of strict racial separation in all areas of society
Established in 1948 by the National Party
Laws under Apartheid:
Population Registration Act
Group Areas Act
Townships & Homelands
Pass Laws
Bantu Education Act
Mixed Marriage Act
Required all South Africans to be classified according to race; 4 accepted categories- White, African, Asian, and colored
Divided South Africa into areas according to race. Each group lived in their own area- the white South Africans had the best land
Black South Africans assigned to a homeland, even if they never lived there before; slum-like conditions; white’s controlled entrance of blacks into white areas
Required all non-whites to carry government-issued identification papers with them wherever they went within the country. Those that didn’t have it were subject to jail time and abuse
Separate educational systems for blacks; highly inferior to the schools provided for whites
It was against the law for people of different races to have sexual relations
African National Congress:
formed in 1912
Led by Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo
Used mass protest, boycotts, strikes, and large scale acts of noncooperation o fight for better education, a say in government; etc.
Issued Freedom Charter in 1956
Major Rebellions:
Sharpeville Massacre (1960)- Pan Africa Congress (PAC) holds a strike against pass laws- appeared at police stations without passes- police officers opened fire and killed 69 people; government arrests 1500 African leaders and banned ANC & PAC
Soweto Uprising (1976)- 20,000 school children marched to protest the black schools having to teach subject in Afrikaans; police opened fire and killed 4 students; focused the world's attention on South Africa
Sharpeville Massacre
Soweto Uprising
Important People:
Nelson Mandela- black nationalist leader; believed in violent protest; sent to jail in 1962 and released in 1990; became first black South African president in 1994
Nelson Mandela
Steven Biko- Spokesman for Black Consciousness Movement; encouraged protest against white dominated institutions; jailed and was beaten and killed by police interrogators in 1977
Steven Biko
F.W. de Klerk- White South African president from 1989-1994; freed Mandela from jail and ended Apartheid
F.W. de Klerk
Desmond Tutu- Anglican bishop; encouraged peaceful, nonviolent protests; convinced the U.S. to stop trading with South Africa
Desmond Tutu
Post - Apartheid:
Economic- Many non-white South Africans still in poverty
Political- Mandela and de Klerk become President and Vice President, respectively; 1994- the first multiracial democratic election
Social- whites and black South Africans still disagree on the future of South Africa
gen⋅o⋅cide – noun- the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group
Rwanda: Pretext of Genocide:
The minority, the Tutsis, held most of the land because the Belgians favored them.
They also held most of the government jobs and had educational privileges that the Hutus did not, creating tensions between Hutus and Tutsis
When the country got independence, the Hutus gained control
1993- Tutsi army officers killed Burundi's (country south of Rwanda) first president
Events:
One million Hutus and Tutsis killed
Machetes and clubs were most used as weapons
Hutus raped many Tutsi womenCivilian death squads- Interahamwe- were responsible for the largest massacres
People were encouraged over hate Radio (RTLM) to kill the Tutsis, aka cockroaches, because they were told that the Tutsis were going to destroy Rwanda and kill the Hutus
Response:
Disregarded warnings prior to genocide
Condemned the violence, but did little to stop it
U.S. refused to stop the hate radio and also refused to define the killings as a 'genocide'
Darfur: Pretext of genocide:
Ethnic and religious clash in Sudan- the government is Arabian and the majority are poor, black Christians
Civil war between the black Sudanese and the Arabian government for a share of the wealth and more rights
Events:
2003- the Arab government hired the Janjaweed, aka Devils on Horseback, to go into the Darfur villages and burn homes, slaughter men, rape women, and loot the homes and villages
Response:
UN has declared it a genocide but has not taken action because China has interest in an oil pipeline in Sudan, so the idea to intervene was vetoed
al-Bashir is leader of Sudan, who claimed to have info on Al- Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden, has been able to keep the U.S. from attacking
The U.S. does not want to alienate China and believes that it will not be in the best interest of the United States' national security to intervene
After the Scramble for Africa (1870-1914), European countries fought for claims of the African continent
The Berlin Conference:
Who: Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, and Belgium
What: Meeting of the major European powers to come up with rules for dividing the African Continent
When: 1884-1885
Where: Berlin, Germany
Why: To prevent war between competing nations and to prevent any one imperial power from gaining too much control over the African continent
Rules Established:
How European countries controlled their Territory:
1) Indirect Rule- British- native rulers are told what to do by British representatives
2) Direct Rule- French- French controlled the colonies (themselves)
3) Paternalism- Belgium- treat their Africans as children that need to be disciplined
4) Assimilation- Portuguese- making the Africans adopt European culture (language, customs, law, etc.)
African Resistance:
Ethiopian:
Ashanti:
Zulu:
Effects of European Imperialism:
African Independence movements occured throughout the 1950s, 1960s and1970s. One reason behind Africa's desire for independence at this time was WWII. They viewed the imperialistic powers as hypocrites, as they had just finished fighting a war to stop one nation from taking over areas of Europe, while they themselves where guilty of the same thing in Africa.
Ghana:
Kenya:
Congo:
Angola:
Problems since African Independence:
History of South Africa:
European Arrival:
The Boer War (1899-1902):
Causes:
Effects:
Apartheid:
African National Congress:
Major Rebellions:
Important People:
Post - Apartheid:
Rwanda:
Pretext of Genocide:
Events:
Response:
Darfur:
Pretext of genocide:
Events:
Response: